Luun uudismuodostumisen prosessista

 Feng X et al

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 2011

Disorders of bone remodeling.

Feng X, McDonald JM. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6:121-45. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130203. PMID: 20936937 Free PMC article. Review.

Bone remodeling involves the removal of old or damaged bone by osteoclasts (bone resorption) and the subsequent replacement of new bone formed by osteoblasts (bone formation). Normal bone remodeling requires a tight coupling … 

 

DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130203 Free PMC article

AbstractThe skeleton provides mechanical support for stature and locomotion, protects vital organs, and controls mineral homeostasis. A healthy skeleton must be maintained by constant bone modeling to carry out these crucial functions throughout life. Bone remodeling involves the removal of old or damaged bone by osteoclasts (bone resorption) and the subsequent replacement of new bone formed by osteoblasts (bone formation). Normal bone remodeling requires a tight coupling of bone resorption to bone formation to guarantee no alteration in bone mass or quality after each remodeling cycle. However, this important physiological process can be derailed by a variety of factors, including menopause-associated hormonal changes, age-related factors, changes in physical activity, drugs, and secondary diseases, which lead to the development of various bone disorders in both women and men. We review the major diseases of bone remodeling, emphasizing our current understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. 

 

BIOMECHANICAL AND MOLECULAR REGULATION OF BONE REMODELING  (2006)
Alexander G. Robling, Alesha B. Castillo, and Charles H. Turner
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

 

The Osteocyte: New Insights  (2020)
Alexander G. Robling and Lynda F. Bonewald
Annual Review of Physiology

Abstract: Osteocytes are an ancient cell, appearing in fossilized skeletal remains of early fish and dinosaurs. Despite its relative high abundance, even in the context of nonskeletal cells, the osteocyte is perhaps among the least studied cells in all of vertebrate biology. Osteocytes are cells embedded in bone, able to modify their surrounding extracellular matrix via specialized molecular remodeling mechanisms that are independent of the bone forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteocytes communicate with osteoclasts and osteoblasts via distinct signaling molecules that include the RankL/OPG axis and the Sost/Dkk1/Wnt axis, among others. Osteocytes also extend their influence beyond the local bone environment by functioning as an endocrine cell that controls phosphate reabsorption in the kidney, insulin secretion in the pancreas, and skeletal muscle function. These cells are also finely tuned sensors of mechanical stimulation to coordinate with effector cells to adjust bone mass, size, and shape to conform to mechanical demands.

Keywords osteocytes, perilacunar remodeling, mechanosensation, FGF23, RANKL, sclerostin

 

 

Osteoclasts Provide Coupling Signals to Osteoblast Lineage Cells Through Multiple Mechanisms (2019)

Natalie A. Sims and T. John Martin
Annual Review of Physiology

Vol. 82:507-529 (Volume publication date February 2020)  First published as a Review in Advance on September 25, 2019  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034425

 

 Abstract: Bone remodeling is essential for the repair and replacement of damaged and old bone. The major principle underlying this process is that osteoclast-mediated resorption of a quantum of bone is followed by osteoblast precursor recruitment; these cells differentiate to matrix-producing osteoblasts, which form new bone to replace what was resorbed. Evidence from osteopetrotic syndromes indicate that osteoclasts not only resorb bone, but also provide signals to promote bone formation. Osteoclasts act upon osteoblast lineage cells throughout their differentiation by facilitating growth factor release from resorbed matrix, producing secreted proteins and microvesicles, and expressing membrane-bound factors. These multiple mechanisms mediate the coupling of bone formation to resorption in remodeling. Additional interactions of osteoclasts with osteoblast lineage cells, including interactions with canopy and reversal cells, are required to achieve coordination between bone formation and resorption during bone remodeling. Keywords  osteoclasts, osteoblasts, bone remodeling, coupling, reversal phase, exosomes

 

 

Bone Mechanical Properties in Healthy and Diseased States'    (2018)

 Vol. 20:119-143 (Volume publication date June 2018)
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121139 Abstract

The mechanical properties of bone are fundamental to the ability of our skeletons to support movement and to provide protection to our vital organs. As such, deterioration in mechanical behavior with aging and/or diseases such as osteoporosis and diabetes can have profound consequences for individuals’ quality of life. This article reviews current knowledge of the basic mechanical behavior of bone at length scales ranging from hundreds of nanometers to tens of centimeters. We present the basic tenets of bone mechanics and connect them to some of the arcs of research that have brought the field to recent advances. We also discuss cortical bone, trabecular bone, and whole bones, as well as multiple aspects of material behavior, including elasticity, yield, fracture, fatigue, and damage. We describe the roles of bone quantity (e.g., density, porosity) and bone quality (e.g., cross-linking, protein composition), along with several avenues of future research.Keywords cortical bone, cancellous bone, trabecular bone, bone quality, multiaxial, multiscale

 

 

Regulation of the formation of osteoclastic actin rings by proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) interacting with gelsolin. (2003) 

Wang Q, Xie Y, Du QS, Wu XJ, Feng X, Mei L, McDonald JM, Xiong WC. J Cell Biol. 2003 Feb 17;160(4):565-75. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200207036. Epub 2003 Feb 10. PMID: 12578912 Free PMC article.

Osteoclast activation is important for bone remodeling and is altered in multiple bone disorders. This process requires cell adhesion and extensive actin cytoskeletal reorganization. ...The interaction is mediated via the focal adhesion-targeting domai … DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200207036